Prague is the Czech Republic's capital as well as its largest and most significant city.
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| [Prague, Czech Republic] |
Prague is the Czech Republic's capital as well as its largest and most significant city. It is located amid the rough terrain of the Prague Basin and nearby outcrops of the Central Bohemian Uplands at 50° 05' north latitude and 14° 30' east longitude, in the heart of Bohemia and Europe. For example, the highest point of Petn at the lookout tower is roughly 326 meters above sea level, the Hradany peninsula on which Prague Castle rests is around 250 meters above sea level, and the Vltava level at Charles Bridge is around 182 meters above sea level.
Few capitals in the world are as intertwined with their country's and state's history as Prague. From the beginning of its existence till now, it has been buried in a chronic lack of historical news. The great majority of the country's most significant events and revolutionary upheavals occurred here, and they have always had an effect on the country's history. This was true across the board, but particularly in political and cultural history. Many authors and poets, musicians, painters, sculptors, architects, graphic artists, photographers, and filmmakers have all been influenced by Prague, and many of their works are among the pinnacles of Czech, European, and international culture.
Following the year's shift, Bohemia and the region of the Prague Basin became a trading hub for the Roman Empire. Slavs first arrived in the Prague Basin about the middle of the sixth century, and following the cessation of ethnic group mobility during the so-called migration of nations, they became permanent inhabitants. The towering, fortified strongholds of árka, Zámka, Podho, Butovice, and others formed the mainstays of their primarily agricultural community in the Prague Basin and its environs from the 7th to 9th centuries. Trails and paths ran from these fortresses and scattered villages to the Vltava's fords and banks.
The settlement of the region that is now the historical portions of Prague began in the coastal areas around the Vltava, particularly along old routes, fords, and sites that were relatively or safely sheltered from regular floods, primarily on the left bank. The region around today's Malostranské námst, which lies on the natural coastal terrace known to the ancient Slavs as Prague, viz. threshold, was such a safe haven. This is most likely where the city's subsequent name originates from.
The Slavic tribe of Czechs appears to have inhabited and dominated the territory west of the Vltava River in the Prague Basin and its environs at some point. The seat of the Czech tribal prince, Lev Hradec (today's portion of Roztoky north of Prague), was also located in this enclave, taking its name from the mythical Pemysl. The baptism of the first historical Czech prince Boivoj I. (ca. 855 - 889) in Great Moravia, as well as other economic and social processes, resulted in the unification of Bohemian tribes, a change in settlement structure in the Prague Basin and its environs, and the establishment of a feudal state in the 9th and 10th centuries.
The emergence of Vyehrad (in the first half of the 10th century) and Prague Castle (about 885) as the primary seat of the Pemyslid rulers led in a movement of the center of gravity of settlement to the area of these new places and their rising concentration.
"... the city of Fraga is made of stone and lime... at the city of Braze they produce saddles and bridles and sturdy shields, which are utilized in their countries," wrote the Arab-Jewish trader Ibrahim ibn Jacob, who visited Prague after the middle of the 10th century. (Because Arabic lacks the vowel "p," Ibrahim writes F once and B the second time.) With the stone rotunda of St. Wenceslas and stone chimneys of house fires, it is perhaps the densest community around the Lesser Town market. Otherwise, the structures were almost entirely made of wood, though the walls of the log houses may have been painted with lime at the time, as we can see now (for hygienic reasons, against wood pests, light reflection in summer, etc.). "...and approximately two kilometers from the woodland to the wooden swamp bridge, from the end of the forest and across the bridge, we arrive in the city of Braga." that Prague already had a wooden bridge at the time. Most likely in the vicinity of today's Mánes Bridge or Charles Bridge. The marsh may have been mentioned in relation to the floodplain, which was most likely on the right bank of the Vltava. Otherwise, Czech silver denarii were already coined at Prague Castle at the time of Ibrahim's visit, and they were paid until 1300.
The foundation of the Prague diocese (about 973) via the diplomacy of Prince Boleslav (possibly already II. ), for which the Czechs were eventually unified - in the customary fashion Podebrady - boosted the development and impact of Christianity in early Bohemia (995). The rising political significance of the Pemyslids drove the rebuilding of Prague's fortified town into an ever stronger medieval fortress, strategically complemented by Vyehrad on the right bank of the Vltava, beginning in the middle of the 11th century.
The emphasis of commercial activity began to move from the fortifications on the left bank of the Vltava to the opposite side of the river during the second half of the 11th century. The historian Kosmas writes about the affluent prospering communities in the outskirts of Prague Castle and Vyehrad at the turn of the 11th and 12th century, as well as the existence of German, Jewish, and Romanesque commercial colonies in Prague.
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| [Prague Astronomical Clock,Prague, Czech Republic] |
For the first time about 1100, a major market on the right bank of the Vltava River, in the vicinity of today's Old Town Square, is reported. It was here that the Czech prince's fortified (in the spoken language of the period) court was erected, which later became a customs house and a sanctuary for foreign merchants (Tn, Ungelt). Around the market place in the 12th century, an almost compact construction of stone Romanesque courtyards, homes, churches, and monasteries sprang up.
Domestic trade and crafts flourished, while agricultural output flourished in the villages along both banks of the river. Obora, Nebovidy, and Rybáe (in the location of today's Klárov) were among the settlements on the left bank. Rybnk, jezd sv. Martina, Opatovice, Podskal, and Zderaz, for example, are settlements on the right bank. Some of these settlements are still known by their street names in Prague. Small, modest church structures were also constructed here. Between the end of the ninth and the end of the 12th centuries, an agglomeration of more or less scattered towns sprang up between Prague Castle and Vyehrad, although its size was one of the largest in Central Europe. Mezigrady (Mezihrady) was the original name, but it was eventually changed to Prague.
The Czech principality became a permanent monarchy in 1198. The Golden Bull of Sicily affirmed the royal title's inheritance (1212). This aided in the rapid growth of the Prague suburbs on both the left and right banks of the Vltava. The city's foundation culminated in the Old Town Market Square and its environs, when residents of the still-legally-fragmented Prague suburbs joined the burgher state and received municipal rights and privileges from the monarch.
The erection of the walls, which around 1230 confined a large area surrounding the market, including the growth around the church of St. Havel, occupied by new immigrants primarily from southern Germany, was an external symbol of this transition. Before the end of the 13th century, Havelské Msto united with the Old Town. In 1257, King Pemysl Otakar II created Nové Msto below Prague Castle, subsequently Malá Strana, on the site of an abandoned ancient village on the other bank of the Vltava River. The age of Romanesque architecture in the Czech Republic and Europe came to an end at that time. With the murder of King Wenceslas III. at Olomouc half a century later, the first governing Czech royal dynasty of the Pemyslids came to an end.
During the reign of Emperor Charles IV, the Prague conurbation reached its pinnacle of glory, with buildings constructed in the spirit of the new Gothic style (1346- 1378). This emperor established Bohemia as the Holy Roman Empire's heartland, with Prague as its capital. In 1348, he created and had built the New Town, a modernly designed neighborhood that encircled the Old Town in a broad strip on the right bank of the Vltava. He established the Prague Archbishopric and created Charles University (1348), which became the oldest university in Central Europe.
He erected a stone bridge (Charles) and the Cathedral of St. Vta at Prague Castle, as well as enclosing the city districts on the Vltava's left bank - Hradany and the Lesser Town (Lesser Town). For Charles IV, Prague has grown to be Central Europe's largest and wealthiest city. The Prague agglomeration was the only large building site at the time, but it was also the epicenter of the most advanced artistic movements in all categories. Except for the Cathedral of St. Vitus, which remained a torso for five centuries as a symbol of Prague's imperial dominance, much of Charles' great construction was not finished until the reign of Wenceslas IV (1378-1419).
Surprisingly, the city's unparalleled urban and architectural expansion began to produce severe social tensions. These factors, along with the Catholic Church's long-term problem, particularly in the moral realm (papal schism, priests' private lives), led to a steadily worsening societal crisis and reform movement following Charles' death, led by Master Jan Hus (ca. 1371-1415 ). The intensification of the crisis phenomenon culminating in the revolution after Hus's humiliating burning in Constance (July 6, 1415), after the burning of Hus's disciple, Master Jeronm Prask, and the Council of Constance's and the papal curia's short-sighted policies in the years that followed.
The impetus came from Prague's first defenestration, which occurred after the poor's attack on the New Town Hall (1419), led by the radical priest Jan elivsk, and possibly, from a point in time, and Jan ika of Trocnov (ca. 1360-1424), a professional warrior who never knew the bitterness of military defeat in the ensuing many battles. Nothing could stop the revolution from continuing after the death of King Wenceslas IV. The strict Catholic patrician, especially the German patrician, fought the crusade led by Emperor Sigismund (1420) and became a major influence in the kingdom when Hussite Prague destroyed the church's control.
The Latin phrase "Praga caput regni" (Praga, the King's Head), engraved above the Renaissance window of the Old Town Hall's bridal hall today, is most likely from that period. However, with the killing of elivsk (1422) and the persecution of the poor, the Prague Hussite burghers progressively abandoned the revolution, as had the majority of the Czech aristocracy for a long time, and contributed to its downfall (1434).
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| [Prague City,Czech Republic] |
Of course, the theological and socially driven Hussite revolt (1419-1434), which was followed by crusader invasions and later Hussite assaults overseas, did not help Prague or the kingdom as a whole. For a long period, the war halted all construction work. Only ruins remain from Malá Strana, most of Hradany, and Vyehrad; a number of monasteries, churches, and residences were plundered - the damage was unquantifiable. Vyehrad's fate, which never recovered from the tragedy, came close to affecting Prague Castle.
The rebuilding of destroyed Prague began only during the reign of King George of Podbrady (1458-1471) and was completed with more spectacular structures during the reign of King Vladislav II (1471-1516). The Powder Gate, Vladislav Hall, and the repair of representation and utility rooms for the monarch and his court at Prague Castle, where Vladislav II could go at the end of the 15th century, move from the Old Town King's Court (on the site of today's Municipal House), where his predecessors lived, starting with Wenceslas IV's occasional stays.
By the way, coronation processions of Czech monarchs entered the Old Town from here, more particularly by the Powder Gate, passing along Celetná Street to Old Town Square, then Charles Street to Charles Bridge, and across Malostranské Square to today's Nerudova Street to Prague Castle. This amazing adventure,
The Habsburgs' ascension to the Czech crown (1526) and the people of Prague's active participation in the failed rebellion against Emperor Ferdinand I (1547) rocked the bourgeoisie's privileged position and Prague's leading role. Prague lost much of its property and liberties, as well as its political independence and reputation, at that period. Prior to it, the town was devastated by the greatest fire in its history, which destroyed much of Malá Strana and Hradany in 1541. The priceless Earth Plates - the country's basis of private and public law - also burnt down at Prague Castle at the time.
Despite this tremendous collapse and disaster, Prague had a period of vigorous Renaissance restoration and outward prosperity in the second half of the 16th century. There were many gorgeous mansions and aristocratic palaces with gables, loggias, and sgraffito. The renowned Renaissance Royal Summer Palace is part of a garden complex. Simultaneously, the new architecture appears to blend in with the city's remaining Gothic floor layout and spirit.
Emperor Rudolf II (reigned 1576-1611) boosted Prague's status once again, permanently relocating to Prague Castle in 1584 and making the city the Roman-German Empire's headquarters for the second time. His court attracted artists, academics, as well as charlatans from all across Europe. He was a painter who also believed in astrology and alchemy. He was a devoted collector of antiquities and curiosities of all types, and he amassed a world-class collection of art artifacts of incalculable worth in Prague Castle during his lifetime. Despite the fact that Rudolf's interest in governance waned and he suffered from severe depressions, his impact on the character of the period was undeniable. He sparked aristocrats and wealthy burghers to bring primarily Italian artists - and representatives of the Italian Renaissance - to Prague, where they competed effectively with Protestant German and Dutch influences. Rudolfinian was the name given to it at the time.
The Czech revolt against the Habsburgs in the years 1618-1620, which began with the second defenestration of Prague, when imperial governors and scribes were hurled out of the windows of Prague Castle, was the culminating point behind the Rudolfinian chapter. The revolt in Czechoslovakia was the start of the European Thirty Years' War, which saw the mercenary industry flourish. Regrettably, Bohemia and Moravia were the most heavily fought-over areas in Europe at the time. Although the towns of Prague, primarily Utraquist, had a minor role in the revolt, they were subjected to massive confiscations, penalties, and re-Catholicization following the defeat on the White Mountain near Prague (November 8, 1620). This resulted in forced departure for non-Catholics and a significant social and political downfall for Prague residents. The town was captured by the Saxon army in 1631 and 1632, and there was a terrible epidemic in 1639 and 1648.
The move of the imperial court and all key offices to Vienna reduced Prague to a sluggish provincial city, with a population drop of more than half (from 60 to 26 thousand) compared to 1620! Despite these significant losses, a spectacular construction activity began in Prague, which, particularly after the Great Fire of 1689 that destroyed the Old Town, turned the city, which had remained largely medieval until then, despite all the alterations, into a predominantly Baroque shape. And, as if knowing that this architectural style is the most suitable answer for them and the rough terrain on which they sit, the city has kept this version of Prague's Baroque until this day.
Just before the medieval walls, new walls with enormous bastions, aristocratic mansions, notably for affluent fighters and immigrants, many churches, and the majority of monasteries were erected. Behind the gates are exquisite burgher homes as well as vacation villas. Baroque gardens, the most magnificent of which were created on the slopes of Petrin Hill and behind the southern walls of Prague Castle, completing the city's look and unique character. The building of the Wallenstein Palace in the Thirty Years' War marked the start of Prague's Baroque period, which lasted 150 years.
Initially, the majority of the architects, constructors, and artists were from other countries. However, beginning in the middle of the 18th century, when the Prague Baroque established a concept and gained international acclaim, outstanding domestic builders and artists of all disciplines began to emerge (eg the Dientzenhofer, Braun and Brokoff families). The building of the Wallenstein Palace in the Thirty Years' War marked the start of Prague's Baroque period, which lasted 150 years. Initially, the majority of the architects, constructors, and artists were from other countries.
However, beginning in the middle of the 18th century, when the Prague Baroque established a concept and gained international acclaim, outstanding domestic builders and artists of all disciplines began to emerge (eg the Dientzenhofer, Braun and Brokoff families). The building of the Wallenstein Palace in the Thirty Years' War marked the start of Prague's Baroque period, which lasted 150 years. Initially, the majority of the architects, constructors, and artists were from other countries. However, beginning in the middle of the 18th century, when the Prague Baroque established a concept and gained international acclaim, outstanding domestic builders and artists of all disciplines began to emerge (eg the Dientzenhofer, Braun and Brokoff families).
The eighteenth century also saw a number of dramatic occurrences in Prague, particularly in relation to the battles for Austrian heritage following Maria Theresa's ascension to the crown. For example, the possession of the city by an united French-Bavarian-Saxon force (from 1741 to 1742) and the capture of the city by the Prussian King Frederick II's army (1744). The city was also threatened by the seven-year war with Prussia (1756–1763). In peaceful times, on the other hand, Prague was known for its excellently developed social and notably musical life (eg the work of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, etc.).
The historical towns of Prague - Hradany, Malá Strana, Staré Msto, and Nové Msto - were merged into one whole, the capital of the Czech Kingdom, Prague, by the imperial patent of Joseph II. dated 12 February 1784. (with about 76,000 inhabitants). Josefov, a Jewish ghetto, was added to the town around 1850. The mentioned portions were subsequently labeled with Roman numerals - Prague I to V - in the second half of the nineteenth century. Churches and monasteries, for example, were destroyed and razed as part of certain hurried and ill-conceived Josephine reforms.
On the other side, the Josephine era's Enlightenment environment aided the growth of Prague's cultural life, as well as providing a platform for the earliest expressions of Czech national liberation movements (the arrival of the Czech Revival Theater, founding associations, more lively literary, journalistic and publishing activities, etc.). A number of industries had already been built at the time. The textile industry was the most powerful branch of this manufacturing in Prague towards the end of the 1880s. In 1791, on the occasion of Leopold II's coronation. The Czech King at Klementinum, Prague, hosted the first exposition of industrial items on the European mainland. In addition, the exhibition Leopold II. was seen in person.
From an architectural standpoint, Prague has been altered and extended by classicist, imperial, and romantic structures and reconstructions from the third quarter of the 18th century. City tenement dwellings, schools, and hospitals were already being erected in this design, which seems to illustrate the logic of the Josephine reforms. The 1780 construction restrictions were crucial, defining, for example, the width of the streets, the maximum allowable building height, and the roof design.
With the development of manufacturing and later industrial production, particularly after the Napoleonic Wars, the population of the city began to grow at the same time, to the point where the city's fenced area, which had remained unchanged since the time of Charles IV, was no longer sufficient to meet the new needs of the time. It was no longer viable to construct these activities within the walls of the Prague Baroque castle, as well as to expand the population density. From the beginning of the 19th century, the first industrial suburbs (Karln, Smchov, Holeovice, Libe) were constructed in the foreground of the Prague walls. The textile industry, particularly carton printing, dominated the Prague industry structure until the 1930s, when mechanical engineering emerged as a new area. Industry has been obliged to handle both internal urban transportation and environmental linkages as a result of its requirements. Count Karel Chotek (in office 1826-1843), the then burgrave of the Kingdom of Bohemia, understood this well. His efforts represented a key period in the growth of Prague.
Count Karel Chotek (in office 1826-1843), the then burgrave of the Kingdom of Bohemia, understood this well. His efforts represented a key period in the growth of Prague. Emperor Frantiek's Chain Bridge was constructed (on the location of today's Legion Bridge), as was a shoreline with a monument to the same emperor (today's Smetana's Embankment), Chotka's serpentine road from Klárov to Bruská brána (opposite the Belvedere Summer Palace), and many other constructions. For example, a port was established in Karln, and steamship service on the Vltava began in 1841.
The State Train Station for the steam railway was erected inside the walls, in Hybernská Street, in the 1940s for the aim of connecting Prague to the countryside and Europe. In the freshly created portion of the city, defensive tunnels with huge gates were built for the separate tracks, which closed at night! Chotka's serpentine road from Klárov to Bruská brána (opposite the Belvedere summer palace) was erected, as was an embankment with a monument to the same emperor (today's Smetana embankment). For example, a port was established in Karln, and steamship service on the Vltava began in 1841.
The State Train Station for the steam railway was erected inside the walls, in Hybernská Street, in the 1940s for the aim of connecting Prague to the countryside and Europe. In the freshly created portion of the city, defensive tunnels with huge gates were built for the separate tracks, which closed at night! The State Train Station for the steam railway was erected inside the walls, in Hybernská Street, in the 1940s for the aim of connecting Prague to the countryside and Europe.
In the freshly created portion of the city, defensive tunnels with huge gates were built for the separate tracks, which closed at night! The State Train Station for the steam railway was erected inside the walls, in Hybernská Street, in the 1940s for the aim of connecting Prague to the countryside and Europe. In the freshly created portion of the city, defensive tunnels with huge gates were built for the separate tracks, which closed at night!
The historic city of Prague had a population of over 100,000 people by 1827, and the outskirts were also densely inhabited. The Czech component of the population has grown substantially, notably in the suburbs, while the number of German residents in the old city center has remained static since the 1930s. In this environment, social and national opposites frequently collided in Prague. The ancient centre was still encircled by walls, which were later partly planted and ditches filled in parts.
The development of the Prague sewage system took place between 1816 and 1830, and contemporary apartment buildings began to be employed more and more in the housing of Prague residents. When Prague became the epicenter of the national revival movement in the 1940s, it also saw a slew of worker strikes. The Prague Revolutionary Uprising in 1848 was the outcome of the broader political situation. Even his loss did not halt the growth of the industrial revolution, which transformed Prague into a rapidly developing metropolis in the following decades. After defeating the Germans in the 1861 elections and gaining permanent control of the city administration, the Czech bourgeoisie swiftly rebuilt the city on the model of Western European metropolises.
Only the Prussian occupation in 1866 disturbed the period of the second half of the nineteenth century, when expanding industry had already considerably affected the structure of the entire Prague agglomeration. This has expedited the economic, political, and cultural integration of Prague and its outlying towns, which have gradually been upgraded to cities. However, due to their tight local interests, most of these municipalities did not unite administratively. Only the acquisition of Vyehrad (1883), Holeovice-Buben (1884), and Libe (1885) added to Prague's territory (1901).
In contrast to countless technical constructions (railway network from 1851 to 1875, horse, later electric trams, Vltava bridges, electrification), the period of late Romanticism and Art Nouveau (from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century) enriched the city with many valuable monumental buildings, squares, streets, and orchards, such as the National Theater, the Narodni. The rebuilding of the Powder Gate, the Church of St. Peter and Paul in Vyehrad, and eventually the completion of the Cathedral of St. Vitus all suffered as a result of strict devotion to these ideals.
Spectacular events such as the All-Sokol Meetings (since 1882), the Jubilee Provincial Exhibition (1891), and the Ethnographic Exhibition were all part of the bourgeoisie's already extensive social life towards the end of the 19th century (1895). In addition to earlier organizations (the Royal Czech Society of Sciences and the National Museum), the split of the university into Czech and German (1882) and the creation of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Arts (1890) produced new nuclei of Czech scientific and cultural activity. After 1893, however, sections of the ancient Old and New Towns, as well as nearly the whole Jewish ghetto, were subjected to unsympathetic sanitation.
However, the redevelopment that occurred before to the waterfront's construction cannot be totally dismissed. It was linked to the Prague-wide urban idea, increased hygienic regulations, as well as unethical business strategies. There were other ideas for cleanliness across Prague, but owing to the Club for Old Prague, this did not come to fruition. Aside from beautiful Neo-Renaissance structures and buildings in the Czech Art Nouveau and Cubism styles, large quarters of unsightly commercial apartment complexes have sprung in the city area.
Following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary following World War I (1914-1918), Prague became the capital of the newly created Czechoslovak state (October 28, 1918), and the seat of the President of the Republic, Parliament, and Government. The geographical and administrative fragmentation of the Prague agglomeration was one of the regrettable relics of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The fast expansion of industrial output, fueled by new industries (automotive, aerospace, and electrical engineering), as well as the growing urbanization of neighboring districts and towns, has necessitated substantial territorial rearrangement. In 1922, the original eight districts of Prague were linked to 37 neighboring towns. Greater Prague was formed with 19 districts and a population of 676 thousand people. That number had risen to one million by World War II. The Roman numeral numbering of the linked components logically followed the preceding number (Prague IX to XIX).
The partition of the Prague districts was more or less modified many times after World War II, ostensibly for administrative considerations. Other nearby municipalities and city districts were linked using Arabic numbers. The indifferent attitude to the Prague suburbs culminated in 1960 with an administrative restructuring that decreased the number of city districts to 10 while a new cadastral delimitation, which included the historical sections of the city, was carried out. A portion of another district or hamlet may be found in nearly every city district (for example, the southern part of Nové Msto, Vyehrad, the Nuselské valley, and the western half of Vinohrady in Prague 2). Prague is still trying to figure out how to deal with this strange and unexplainable split.
A woodcut from Schedel's chronicle, published in Nuremberg in 1493, is the first known picture of Prague. Some scholars believe it was written by the youthful Albrecht Dürer. Filip van den Bossche, Václav Hollar (1607-1677), Vincenc Morstadt (1802-1875), Samuel Prout, and others are among the well-known authors who depicted old Prague.
The remarkable plastic model of Prague by Antonn Langweil (1791-1837), which is currently on display in the Museum of the Capital City of Prague, is a work of art of outstanding value. It faithfully and in suitable proportions encompasses the Old Town, the Lesser Town, and most of Hradany at the turn of the nineteenth century on an area of 5.76 3.34 m. Langweil worked on the model with wood, drawing or lithographically printed paper, cut and colored wool, wires, and ivory from 1826 until 1834. As a floor plan, he utilized Josef Jüttner's Prague layout, which was developed between 1811 and 1815. In 1819, Langweil established a lithography workshop in Prague, but sold it to a more skilled businessman shortly after.
The first pictures of historical Prague that have survived come from the early 1950s. Andreas Groll, Vilém Rupp, Frantiek Fridrich, Jindich Eckert, Karel Bellmann, Jan Maloch, Jan Mula, Rudolf Bruner - Dvoák, and others were among the most notable photographers of ancient Prague in the nineteenth century.
There were other painters that focused solely on Prague motifs. Among these, Václav Jans (1859-1913) and Jan Minak (1862-1937) must be mentioned, whose paintings, in addition to capturing the mood of the location, have at least the same informational value as black and white or even colored photography of the period.
The earliest film views of Prague were taken by Jan Keneck, a pioneer of Czech cinematography, in 1911, during Austria-Hungary. The Old Town Square, Wenceslas Square, the Iron Footbridge at Rudolfinum, and other locations exist in a form that we are only familiar with thanks to old pictures and postcards. In 1934, the first "color" film about Prague was released. However, several hues are lacking, such as green, which is totally absent. Only the second effort, by American James Fitzpatrick in 1938, comes close to the color films we see today.
Josef Hormayer, a German writer and historian, bestowed the feature of the golden, hundred-towered Prague on the city at the turn of the nineteenth century. Perhaps to test Hormayer's assertion of reality, the Prague tower and turret were first computed by Bernard Bolzano, a prominent Czech philosopher and mathematician (1781-1848). In fact, he counted 103. It's also conceivable that he counted Bolzano first and then sung Hormayer truthfully the other way around.
[Translated from STARA PRAHA]